.
.
List of NITs in INDIA
» Dr B R Ambedkar National Inst. of Tech., Jalandhar
» S V National Inst. of Tech., Surat
» Malaviya National Inst. of Tech., Jaipur
» Maulana Azad National Inst. of Tech., Bhopal
» Motilal Nehru National Inst. of Tech., Allahabad
» National Inst. of Tech., Agartala
» National Inst. of Tech., Calicut
» National Inst. of Tech., Durgapur
» National Inst. of Tech., Hamirpur
» National Inst. of Tech., Jamshedpur
» National Inst. of Tech., Kurukshetra
» National Inst. of Tech., Patna
» National Inst. of Tech., Raipur
» National Inst. of Tech., Rourkela
» National Inst. of Tech., Silchar
» National Inst. of Tech., Srinagar
» National Inst. of Tech., Trichy
» National Inst. of Tech., Warangal
» National Inst. of Tech. Karnataka, Surathkal
» Visvesvaraya National Inst. of Tech., Nagpur.
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.
21 April 2009
19 April 2009
Communication Plays A Pivotal Role ...
Communication plays a pivotal role in all walks of human life.
In other words life revolves around communication as the two originate, grow and evolve side by side. Communication may be Verbal or Non-Verbal, Close or Distant, Wrong or Right, Successful or Unsuccessful, Negative or Positive, but it is sure to exist between two or more human beings. Limiting our study to human beings alone, it may not be preposterous to say that right from its beginning, life and communication remain intimately interwoven throughout.
It Carries Civilization Forward
All worldly affairs, emotions, industry, commerce, relationships, personal or formal, science, philosophy and technology, in nutshell any kind of acumen or education could not have happened had it not been passed on from one human being to another or from one place to another. Civilization moves on the wheels of communication, which also serves as the main driving force by translating old information into new goals and aspirations .It may just suffice to say that the universe will freeze or cease to be without communication.
Meaning of Communication
What does communication mean? The word has several connotations and a plethora of definitions. Experts have defined it as ‘interaction between two or more human beings’. Communication is a process in which a message is conveyed ( through a medium-verbal or non-verbal) and received. Once the message travels from the communicator to the receiver, the purpose of the communication is partially achieved. The receiver either responds back providing feedback or the message is passed on to others, forming a chain of communication.
It is a Two Way Process
Communication hence , is a two way process involving at least two parties. We may contend that one can communicate alone with one’s self or Higher Power or Conscience. In that case too one interacts with the twin halves of the same entity .Even in monologue one speaks to one’s alter ego or a shadow of one’s self.
A Message Forms the Core of Communication
We have thus established the fact that communication is basically a dialogue, necessitating the existence of a communicator and a receiver and the give and take of a message is essential to the process. How the message is intercepted, responded to, or passed on to others, what kind of actions follow in it’s wake, makes for another very vast and interesting study.
A Process So Simple Yet So Complicated
A message is conveyed and a message is received. Seems pretty simple .Is it all about communication- verbal ,non-verbal or electronic ?
Had it been so, why is the same message conveyed to different people gets interpreted differently, eliciting different responses? Why do certain people fail to get the simplest message? How is that even a very short message passed on among a number of people gets altered in the course of transmission beyond recognition? What are major factors affecting communication that are instrumental for such a change?
This calls for a very intensive and challenging study.
Conclusion
It is a phenomenon that needs careful handling. It may make or break alliances, topple governments, ignite controversies or foster revolutions .In nutshell the power of communication is immense. Dating back to the Prehistoric Era of sign language, developing into speech and written form and culminating into the most sophisticated electronic devices, communication has not yet come of age. It is still evolving and will continue doing so. It is a force to reckon with that needs to be recognized and channelized properly to reap innumerable benefits for humanity.
In other words life revolves around communication as the two originate, grow and evolve side by side. Communication may be Verbal or Non-Verbal, Close or Distant, Wrong or Right, Successful or Unsuccessful, Negative or Positive, but it is sure to exist between two or more human beings. Limiting our study to human beings alone, it may not be preposterous to say that right from its beginning, life and communication remain intimately interwoven throughout.
It Carries Civilization Forward
All worldly affairs, emotions, industry, commerce, relationships, personal or formal, science, philosophy and technology, in nutshell any kind of acumen or education could not have happened had it not been passed on from one human being to another or from one place to another. Civilization moves on the wheels of communication, which also serves as the main driving force by translating old information into new goals and aspirations .It may just suffice to say that the universe will freeze or cease to be without communication.
Meaning of Communication
What does communication mean? The word has several connotations and a plethora of definitions. Experts have defined it as ‘interaction between two or more human beings’. Communication is a process in which a message is conveyed ( through a medium-verbal or non-verbal) and received. Once the message travels from the communicator to the receiver, the purpose of the communication is partially achieved. The receiver either responds back providing feedback or the message is passed on to others, forming a chain of communication.
It is a Two Way Process
Communication hence , is a two way process involving at least two parties. We may contend that one can communicate alone with one’s self or Higher Power or Conscience. In that case too one interacts with the twin halves of the same entity .Even in monologue one speaks to one’s alter ego or a shadow of one’s self.
A Message Forms the Core of Communication
We have thus established the fact that communication is basically a dialogue, necessitating the existence of a communicator and a receiver and the give and take of a message is essential to the process. How the message is intercepted, responded to, or passed on to others, what kind of actions follow in it’s wake, makes for another very vast and interesting study.
A Process So Simple Yet So Complicated
A message is conveyed and a message is received. Seems pretty simple .Is it all about communication- verbal ,non-verbal or electronic ?
Had it been so, why is the same message conveyed to different people gets interpreted differently, eliciting different responses? Why do certain people fail to get the simplest message? How is that even a very short message passed on among a number of people gets altered in the course of transmission beyond recognition? What are major factors affecting communication that are instrumental for such a change?
This calls for a very intensive and challenging study.
Conclusion
It is a phenomenon that needs careful handling. It may make or break alliances, topple governments, ignite controversies or foster revolutions .In nutshell the power of communication is immense. Dating back to the Prehistoric Era of sign language, developing into speech and written form and culminating into the most sophisticated electronic devices, communication has not yet come of age. It is still evolving and will continue doing so. It is a force to reckon with that needs to be recognized and channelized properly to reap innumerable benefits for humanity.
.
Careers After 10+2
Career Planning and Choice of Courses
Career planning is one of the most crucial factors in your life, which needs no emphasis. It is important at least for two reasons. First, whether you opt for a career in jobs or prefer to be on your own, you must appreciate that there is fierce competition for getting a space in the world of work. Remember the old adage, “Survival of the fittest”. Second, in view of new developments primarily triggered off by the information technology (IT) and globalisation of the economy, there are now more options than ever before. You will have to look for these options. Remember also that these are days of specialisation.
When should you begin the career planning? The age that could be considered appropriate for making a start is the age of 14-15 years when you enter the Ninth Class under the 10 + 2 pattern of education. This is the formative age to shape your career. Much more important reason, however, is that it is after the 10 + 2 level that a wide variety of course options are available to choose from. This means that as the first step you will have to choose from the three streams viz., science, arts and humanities, and commerce and the appropriate combination of subjects, when you enter the 10+2 level. To a great extent, this choice would determine the course options available to you after the 10 + 2 level. For example, if you want to take up engineering degree course, you should not only join the science stream but should also opt for the combination comprising Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Before you enter the 10 + 2 stage, you may like to consider which syllabus provides wider options. As you are aware, there are three Secondary Boards viz., the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination (ICSE) and the State Boards, each having its own syllabus. While the CBSE and ICSE syllabuses permit combining biology and mathematics, not all the State Boards provide similar opportunity. For example, the Andhra Pradesh Board for Intermediate Education (equivalent to Higher Secondary Board) does not. It limits your option, because at this stage itself you will have to decide whether you want to join the engineering college or medical and agricultural colleges. However, as the number of CBSE and ICSE affiliated schools in States is small, you may have to opt for the State Board syllabus.
Before you embark upon planning your career you may have to consider two issues:
1. Do you need an immediate job because of some adverse family circumstances?
2. Is your family financially sound enough to pay for your professional education?
If you need a job, say after you complete the secondary stage, but still want to pursue higher education, you may like to take up a suitable course through distance learning mode. There are now many options available. You can study according to your own pace and convenience. You can even study both the secondary (Class 10) and higher secondary (10 + 2) courses through the distance-learning mode. As regards the second issue, the stark reality is that it is becoming increasingly difficult for many middle class families to meet the spiralling cost of professional education. Scholarships, freeships and other financial supports are scarce. You may be aware that in professional colleges there are two categories of seats “free seats” and “payment seats”.
Since the tuition fees for “free seats” are highly subsidised, you pay much less compared to those for “payment seats”. Generally, “free seats” are allotted to students on the basis of the performance at the entrance tests. You will, therefore, have to strive very hard if you want to get a “free seat” in professional colleges. If your family is unable to bear the cost of “elite” professional courses, you may choose a professional course, which also promises a reasonably good career at an affordable cost. It is prudent to cut your coat according to the available cloth. However, the financial consideration alone need not determine this option. There are other good reasons too for seeking a career in these professions. This option should also be considered if you cannot get through entrance tests for professional courses. Career planning should be preceded by two steps:
1. Assess your strengths and weaknesses, likings, aptitudes and interests.
2. Gather as much information as possible about the various educational opportunities and choose one that conforms to your assessment.
Both are easier said than done. Therefore, it is necessary for schools establishing their own career and course information centres and provide guidance and counselling to their students. In the absence of such facilities in your school, try to collect information from different sources. Here is a note of caution. Never take the claims of flashy advertisements in newspapers and other media at their face value. More often than not, they are issued by fly-by-night operators to allure unsuspecting students. Ascertain the status of these institutions.
If you do not intend to pursue university education, you may opt, after the 10th class, for various Vocational Courses available in different areas. The most sought after ones of course are the polytechnic courses of three-year duration leading to diplomas in different branches of engineering and technology. The advantage of polytechnic courses is that in some branches a diploma holder can make a lateral entry into degree level engineering courses. A clear idea about the vocational courses, therefore, would be helpful in taking an appropriate decision.
As stated earlier, at the 10 + 2 level you have three options:
1. The Science Stream
2. The Arts/Humanities Stream and
3. The Commerce Stream.
In Addition, there is the Vocational Stream. The Subjects offered in these streams are given in the Annexure. One problem you may face while choosing the combination of subjects is that the desired one may not be available in many 10 + 2 level institutions (higher secondary schools and junior colleges) Particularly in rural areas. A brief account of each of the streams follows:
Science
There is a common belief that science is the most important subject, compared to humanities or even commerce. There is also a general feeling in our society that the best students opt for science. This is an assumption of most parents, students and teachers. In fact, brilliance and intelligence is not the exclusive preserve of science. If a student is interested in doing engineering courses, such as civil, mechanical, electronics, metallurgy, computers, the option should be for a combination of mathematics, physics and chemistry (MPC). If you wish to take up medicine, dentistry, agricultural science, dairy science or biological sciences (biochemistry, biotechnology), the combination should be biology, physics and chemistry (BiPC). It is true that the advantage of choosing science stream is that you can shift to the other two streams viz., humanities and commerce after 10 + 2. It also opens up the gateway to a large number of career and course options, even if you cannot make it to the most coveted courses in engineering, medicine or agriculture. In several universities, particularly in the South, besides the usual combinations, such subjects as microbiology, computer science can be chosen at the BSc level.
Apart form doing the degree level courses in science with the conventional combinations you can also choose degree courses in several emerging professional areas, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing, computer, business administration, hotel management, tourism management. You can also opt for courses outside the university stream, such as hotel management, fashion technology, industrial design, packaging, aircraft maintenance engineering, government accredited computer courses and a host of post 10 + 2 level vocational courses. However, if you are very clear that science is not your cup of tea, there is no point in wasting two precious years simply because it keeps many options open. It would rather be desirable to explore the opportunities the other fields offer.
Arts/Humanities
It is not widely appreciated that humanities also offer many options after 10 + 2 other than the usual BA degree course. Except for courses in science and technology areas, they can take up many other courses such as travel & tourism, advertising, journalism, performing arts, business management, etc. Humanities is also the favourite choice of many students who sit for the civil service examinations.
Commerce
Next to science, commerce stream opens up a variety of options after 10 + 2 stage. Some examples are: company secretary-ship, chartered accountancy, cost accountancy, business management, computer. Although chartered accountancy, cost accountancy or company secretary-ship course can be taken up after 10 + 2 (after successfully completing the Foundation Courses) you should be aware that each year only a small percentage of those who take the examinations get through. It may, therefore, be wise to obtain the basic BCom degree first. BCom with Computer as one of the combinations is now a much sought after course
In all the three streams, students can now opt for job-oriented vocational subjects at the first degree level available in selected colleges affiliated to many universities. Another recent development has been the diversification of courses, professional in nature, at the first-degree level itself, although the number is institutions offering such course is still small. International postgraduate programmes of five-year duration after 10 + 2 in several subjects are being introduced by some universities
Whatever stream you may select, you should put in your best efforts, which would surely lead to the path of success. Obtaining high marks in the qualifying examinations will put you in a comparatively better position to get into the course of choice after the 10 + 2 level.
http://www.brilliantsacademy.com/compititive.htm
(STATE PMT & NATIONAL PMT INFORMATION)
Amongst the oldest and the most respected professions in the world, medicine enjoys a prominent place. While new careers have emerged. It is still the most sought after. This is perhaps due to the status a doctor enjoys in society. He is the 'healer' and is looked upon with awe and admiration. However, with time, the nature of work of a doctor has undergone radical changes. Now this has become a field of sophisticated specialization. It is a career which is in a constant state of flux. Research work is being carried out in every sphere, resulting in the emergence of new ideas and new data. A medical practitioner must be well acquainted with the latest information to offer his best to his patients. Thus medicine is a profession which requires good judgment, dedication and commitment.
Many students decide to take the entrance tests without giving due consideration to the qualities which they need to possess to become good doctors. When they do realize that they have made a wrong choice, it is, in most cases, too late.
So, before making the decision you need to ponder on this vital question.
What do you aspire to?
Satisfaction from serving others?
Academic excellence?
A good income?
A long period of academics?
If yes, then perhaps you are on the right path. You cannot think of setting down at an early age because specialization experience and academic research are vital for this profession. But if you have decided in its favor then we must congratulate you, because this is a career which is going to help you to prove your worth and give you that rare feeling of self-fulfillment. Here are the details which will help you to select a good college and prepare for the Entrance Test.
Course in Medicine
In India, the diseases of the Human body are treated through two branches of medicine : Allopathic (MBBS) and the indigenous system, which is practiced by the Hakims and Vaids, known as Unani Ayurvedic system. Then there are other systems such as homeopathy, naturopathy and biochemic. Here we shall be limiting our discussion and information to the MBBS & Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) courses & to some para-medical course.
The MBBS Course
The MBBS course extends for a period of five and a half years, of which the last one year is a period of rotatory internship. The first one and a half years are spent on pre-clinical subjects after which the student has to pass the first examination in anatomy including embryology, physiology and biochemistry. The second examination, at the end of next 18 months, is in Pharmacology, Pathology, Bacteriology and Forensic Medicine.
The three years, after passing the pre-clinical subjects, are devoted to clinical work in hospital wards and departments, concurrently with training in the para-clinical subjects of pharmacology, pathology etc. The final examination at the end of four and a half years study, covers subjects of medicine including pediatrics, surgery including ear, nose, throat, ophthalmology, gynecology, social and preventive medicine. Students have to take written, oral, clinical and practical exams. Only those who obtain at least 50% marks in each part are considered to have passed the examination.
Dentistry
Dentistry (BDS) is a four year degree course of dental surgery of +2 students with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as subjects. There is no separate entrance test but selection is made on merit in the pre-medical test and on options offered by the student.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a treatment of weak muscles, joint movements, muscular aberrations, polio, cerebral palsy (damaged motor centres of the brain causing muscular non-coordination etc.) muscle, joint and bone injuries, chest and heart diseases, etc. A Physiotherapist uses therapeutic agents like heat, radiation, electricity, water and massage to cure his patients. He treats cases referred to him by a medical practitioner.
This is a three year diploma course after the +2 stage. There is still competition due to the limited number of institutions offering the training course.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy is a treatment for the physically impaired, mentally sick or defective persons. Efforts are made to strengthen their weak muscles which can increase limited range of joint action, to coordinate movements, to increase work tolerance and to train the unaffected parts of the body. Treatment is given through activities like handicrafts, manual and industrial arts, recreation and daily chores, The diploma course, like physiotherapy, extends for three years and entry is through written test.
Speech Therapy and Audiology
Speech Therapy and Audiology is a paramedical branch with potential to grow. There are not many speech therapists in the country. But it will not be an exaggeration to say that at least 3-4% of the child population suffer from speech impairments. Stammering is the most common affliction. Very often these children need psychological help and supportive speech therapy. It is a B.Sc. course after 10+2 with Science subjects.
Entrance to Medical College
In India, the students cannot get admission in every college in the country due to constraints imposed through domicile status. There are, however, some medical institutions which conduct an All India Entrance Examination to select candidates on an all India basis. Details of those colleges have been given below which admit students on the basis of competitive examinations not requiring domicile status.
The All India Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Examination
The examination is conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education each year for admission of 15% of the total intake capacity for medical/dental colleges located in all the states except states of Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Age : 17 Years on 31st December.
Eligibility : 10+2/B.Sc. with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English with 50%.
The entrance examination: The examination shall have one paper consisting of
Physics, Chemistry & Biology (Botany & Zoology).
Duration 2 1/2 hrs.
Marks-Each question carries 4 marks. All questions will be objective type.
There shall be negative marking. For each incorrect response one mark will be deducted from the total score. No deduction from the total score will however, be made if no response is indicated for an item in the answer sheet. More than one answer indicated against a question will be deemed as incorrect response & will be negatively marked.
No of questions : The paper shall have 200 objective type questions & Shall carry a maximum of 800 marks.
Selection : A list of successful candidates is prepared in order of merit. The result is published in leading newspapers and a copy of the result sheet is forwarded to DGHS. They prepare a collegewise merit list of candidates and intimate the result to the various medical/dental colleges. Notification for application is in January and the last date is in March.
Address :
The Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi - 110002.
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.
Seats : 50
Reservation -ST : 4
SC : 7
foreign national : 5
Eligibility :
The student should be an Indian Citizen by birth or domicile. Age 17 years on 31st Dec. of the year of admission. 10+2/Senior School Certificate Examination of the CBSE/Delhi Board/Indian School Certificate Exam. or recognized board of any Indian State with English and Medical Group of subjects (Physics, Chemistry and Biology). The students who have passed 1st year B.Sc. are also eligible. First class (60% marks) in aggregate of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English is necessary. B.Sc. B.V.Sc. Nursing student with 55 percent marks may also take the entrance test.
Competitive entrance test :
The test is held at Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad and Calcutta. The test is of 3 1/2 hours duration and has one paper consisting of four parts, viz., A, B, C and D containing objective type (multiple choice questions).
Part Subject Marks
A Physics 60
B Chemistry 60
C Biology 60
D General Knowledge 20
TOTAL 200
The general standard is of 10+2/Intermediate level. No syllabus has been prescribed by the institute.
Address :
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar,
New Delhi-100 029.
Notification for application : Jan/Feb. Test is held in June.
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune.
AFMC, Pune, accommodates 130 students, including a maximum of seven girls. All the students in AFMC have a liability to serve in the Armed Forces and they are termed medical cadets. 123 boys and seven girls each year have a compulsory liability to serve as Permanent Service Commission in Armed Forces Medical Services. The cadet status entitles the students to scholarships for tuition, boarding, lodging, travel expenses and other benefits.
Eligibility :
10+2 with physics, Chemistry, Biology and English securing 60% aggregate and not less than 45% in English and 50% in each of the science subjects. A pass in maths in Class X is necessary.
Intermediate in Science of a statutory Indian University/Board, ICSE or Senior Secondary of a statutory examination Board with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics or any other elective subject with English at higher level.
Higher-Secondary School Certificate Examination of Maharashtra State Board of Higher Secondary Education with English of Higher level, any one of the modern India, Foreign or classical language, or Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics of any other elective subject.
Any other examination which in scope and standard is held to be equivalent to the Intermediate Science/Pre-Professional/Pre-Medical Examination of Indian University/Board with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology including practical test in each of these science subjects.
Entrance test:
The exam. is held at Agra, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Ambala, Bangalore, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chandigarh, Chilka (Orissa), Cochin, Delhi, Danapur (Patna), Dharamsala, Guwahati, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Jammu, Jalandhar, Kamptee, Kanpur, Lucknow, Madras, Meerut, Namkun (Ranchi), Pune, Port Blair, Secunderabad and Varanasi.
The written entrance exam will be of two hours duration and will have one paper comprising of four parts containing objective type questions. The break up is like this:
Subject
Biology 60
Chemistry 60
Physics 60
Intelligence/Logic reasoning 25
English language and comprehension 25
Total 230
The general standard of the test is of the 10+2 scheme/Premedical/Intermediate Science. Selected Candidates are interviewed at Delhi, Calcutta, Bangalore, Pune and Lucknow. Notification for Application : January, Test held in May/June.
Address :
The Armed Forces Medical College,
Pune-411040.
Christian Medical College, Vellore Christian Medical College, Vellore
Jawahar Lal Inst. of Post Grad. Medical Education and Research Institute. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Aligarh Muslim University
List of Medical Colleges in Maharashtra :
Common Rules have been framed separately for Govt. and municipal colleges for admission to MBBS/BDS. Govt. Medical Colleges are : MBBS BJ Medical College, Pune, Dr. V.M. Medical College, Solapur, Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad, Miraj, Nagpur, Nanded, Mumbai; Indira Gandhi Medical College, Nagpur; Shri. Bhausaheb Hire Govt. Medical College, Dhule; Shri. V.P.Naik Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal; Swami Ramanand Teerth Dental Collegs at Aurangabad, Mumbai and Nagpur Municipal Medical Colleges are MBBS Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai; Seth Govardhandas Sunderdas Medical Colleges, Mumbai and Topiwala National Medical college, Mumbai, MDS Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai.
.
Careers After 10+2
Career Planning and Choice of Courses
Career planning is one of the most crucial factors in your life, which needs no emphasis. It is important at least for two reasons. First, whether you opt for a career in jobs or prefer to be on your own, you must appreciate that there is fierce competition for getting a space in the world of work. Remember the old adage, “Survival of the fittest”. Second, in view of new developments primarily triggered off by the information technology (IT) and globalisation of the economy, there are now more options than ever before. You will have to look for these options. Remember also that these are days of specialisation.
When should you begin the career planning? The age that could be considered appropriate for making a start is the age of 14-15 years when you enter the Ninth Class under the 10 + 2 pattern of education. This is the formative age to shape your career. Much more important reason, however, is that it is after the 10 + 2 level that a wide variety of course options are available to choose from. This means that as the first step you will have to choose from the three streams viz., science, arts and humanities, and commerce and the appropriate combination of subjects, when you enter the 10+2 level. To a great extent, this choice would determine the course options available to you after the 10 + 2 level. For example, if you want to take up engineering degree course, you should not only join the science stream but should also opt for the combination comprising Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Before you enter the 10 + 2 stage, you may like to consider which syllabus provides wider options. As you are aware, there are three Secondary Boards viz., the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination (ICSE) and the State Boards, each having its own syllabus. While the CBSE and ICSE syllabuses permit combining biology and mathematics, not all the State Boards provide similar opportunity. For example, the Andhra Pradesh Board for Intermediate Education (equivalent to Higher Secondary Board) does not. It limits your option, because at this stage itself you will have to decide whether you want to join the engineering college or medical and agricultural colleges. However, as the number of CBSE and ICSE affiliated schools in States is small, you may have to opt for the State Board syllabus.
Before you embark upon planning your career you may have to consider two issues:
1. Do you need an immediate job because of some adverse family circumstances?
2. Is your family financially sound enough to pay for your professional education?
If you need a job, say after you complete the secondary stage, but still want to pursue higher education, you may like to take up a suitable course through distance learning mode. There are now many options available. You can study according to your own pace and convenience. You can even study both the secondary (Class 10) and higher secondary (10 + 2) courses through the distance-learning mode. As regards the second issue, the stark reality is that it is becoming increasingly difficult for many middle class families to meet the spiralling cost of professional education. Scholarships, freeships and other financial supports are scarce. You may be aware that in professional colleges there are two categories of seats “free seats” and “payment seats”.
Since the tuition fees for “free seats” are highly subsidised, you pay much less compared to those for “payment seats”. Generally, “free seats” are allotted to students on the basis of the performance at the entrance tests. You will, therefore, have to strive very hard if you want to get a “free seat” in professional colleges. If your family is unable to bear the cost of “elite” professional courses, you may choose a professional course, which also promises a reasonably good career at an affordable cost. It is prudent to cut your coat according to the available cloth. However, the financial consideration alone need not determine this option. There are other good reasons too for seeking a career in these professions. This option should also be considered if you cannot get through entrance tests for professional courses. Career planning should be preceded by two steps:
1. Assess your strengths and weaknesses, likings, aptitudes and interests.
2. Gather as much information as possible about the various educational opportunities and choose one that conforms to your assessment.
Both are easier said than done. Therefore, it is necessary for schools establishing their own career and course information centres and provide guidance and counselling to their students. In the absence of such facilities in your school, try to collect information from different sources. Here is a note of caution. Never take the claims of flashy advertisements in newspapers and other media at their face value. More often than not, they are issued by fly-by-night operators to allure unsuspecting students. Ascertain the status of these institutions.
If you do not intend to pursue university education, you may opt, after the 10th class, for various Vocational Courses available in different areas. The most sought after ones of course are the polytechnic courses of three-year duration leading to diplomas in different branches of engineering and technology. The advantage of polytechnic courses is that in some branches a diploma holder can make a lateral entry into degree level engineering courses. A clear idea about the vocational courses, therefore, would be helpful in taking an appropriate decision.
As stated earlier, at the 10 + 2 level you have three options:
1. The Science Stream
2. The Arts/Humanities Stream and
3. The Commerce Stream.
In Addition, there is the Vocational Stream. The Subjects offered in these streams are given in the Annexure. One problem you may face while choosing the combination of subjects is that the desired one may not be available in many 10 + 2 level institutions (higher secondary schools and junior colleges) Particularly in rural areas. A brief account of each of the streams follows:
Science
There is a common belief that science is the most important subject, compared to humanities or even commerce. There is also a general feeling in our society that the best students opt for science. This is an assumption of most parents, students and teachers. In fact, brilliance and intelligence is not the exclusive preserve of science. If a student is interested in doing engineering courses, such as civil, mechanical, electronics, metallurgy, computers, the option should be for a combination of mathematics, physics and chemistry (MPC). If you wish to take up medicine, dentistry, agricultural science, dairy science or biological sciences (biochemistry, biotechnology), the combination should be biology, physics and chemistry (BiPC). It is true that the advantage of choosing science stream is that you can shift to the other two streams viz., humanities and commerce after 10 + 2. It also opens up the gateway to a large number of career and course options, even if you cannot make it to the most coveted courses in engineering, medicine or agriculture. In several universities, particularly in the South, besides the usual combinations, such subjects as microbiology, computer science can be chosen at the BSc level.
Apart form doing the degree level courses in science with the conventional combinations you can also choose degree courses in several emerging professional areas, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nursing, computer, business administration, hotel management, tourism management. You can also opt for courses outside the university stream, such as hotel management, fashion technology, industrial design, packaging, aircraft maintenance engineering, government accredited computer courses and a host of post 10 + 2 level vocational courses. However, if you are very clear that science is not your cup of tea, there is no point in wasting two precious years simply because it keeps many options open. It would rather be desirable to explore the opportunities the other fields offer.
Arts/Humanities
It is not widely appreciated that humanities also offer many options after 10 + 2 other than the usual BA degree course. Except for courses in science and technology areas, they can take up many other courses such as travel & tourism, advertising, journalism, performing arts, business management, etc. Humanities is also the favourite choice of many students who sit for the civil service examinations.
Commerce
Next to science, commerce stream opens up a variety of options after 10 + 2 stage. Some examples are: company secretary-ship, chartered accountancy, cost accountancy, business management, computer. Although chartered accountancy, cost accountancy or company secretary-ship course can be taken up after 10 + 2 (after successfully completing the Foundation Courses) you should be aware that each year only a small percentage of those who take the examinations get through. It may, therefore, be wise to obtain the basic BCom degree first. BCom with Computer as one of the combinations is now a much sought after course
In all the three streams, students can now opt for job-oriented vocational subjects at the first degree level available in selected colleges affiliated to many universities. Another recent development has been the diversification of courses, professional in nature, at the first-degree level itself, although the number is institutions offering such course is still small. International postgraduate programmes of five-year duration after 10 + 2 in several subjects are being introduced by some universities
Whatever stream you may select, you should put in your best efforts, which would surely lead to the path of success. Obtaining high marks in the qualifying examinations will put you in a comparatively better position to get into the course of choice after the 10 + 2 level.
http://www.brilliantsacademy.com/compititive.htm
(STATE PMT & NATIONAL PMT INFORMATION)
Amongst the oldest and the most respected professions in the world, medicine enjoys a prominent place. While new careers have emerged. It is still the most sought after. This is perhaps due to the status a doctor enjoys in society. He is the 'healer' and is looked upon with awe and admiration. However, with time, the nature of work of a doctor has undergone radical changes. Now this has become a field of sophisticated specialization. It is a career which is in a constant state of flux. Research work is being carried out in every sphere, resulting in the emergence of new ideas and new data. A medical practitioner must be well acquainted with the latest information to offer his best to his patients. Thus medicine is a profession which requires good judgment, dedication and commitment.
Many students decide to take the entrance tests without giving due consideration to the qualities which they need to possess to become good doctors. When they do realize that they have made a wrong choice, it is, in most cases, too late.
So, before making the decision you need to ponder on this vital question.
What do you aspire to?
Satisfaction from serving others?
Academic excellence?
A good income?
A long period of academics?
If yes, then perhaps you are on the right path. You cannot think of setting down at an early age because specialization experience and academic research are vital for this profession. But if you have decided in its favor then we must congratulate you, because this is a career which is going to help you to prove your worth and give you that rare feeling of self-fulfillment. Here are the details which will help you to select a good college and prepare for the Entrance Test.
Course in Medicine
In India, the diseases of the Human body are treated through two branches of medicine : Allopathic (MBBS) and the indigenous system, which is practiced by the Hakims and Vaids, known as Unani Ayurvedic system. Then there are other systems such as homeopathy, naturopathy and biochemic. Here we shall be limiting our discussion and information to the MBBS & Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) courses & to some para-medical course.
The MBBS Course
The MBBS course extends for a period of five and a half years, of which the last one year is a period of rotatory internship. The first one and a half years are spent on pre-clinical subjects after which the student has to pass the first examination in anatomy including embryology, physiology and biochemistry. The second examination, at the end of next 18 months, is in Pharmacology, Pathology, Bacteriology and Forensic Medicine.
The three years, after passing the pre-clinical subjects, are devoted to clinical work in hospital wards and departments, concurrently with training in the para-clinical subjects of pharmacology, pathology etc. The final examination at the end of four and a half years study, covers subjects of medicine including pediatrics, surgery including ear, nose, throat, ophthalmology, gynecology, social and preventive medicine. Students have to take written, oral, clinical and practical exams. Only those who obtain at least 50% marks in each part are considered to have passed the examination.
Dentistry
Dentistry (BDS) is a four year degree course of dental surgery of +2 students with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as subjects. There is no separate entrance test but selection is made on merit in the pre-medical test and on options offered by the student.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a treatment of weak muscles, joint movements, muscular aberrations, polio, cerebral palsy (damaged motor centres of the brain causing muscular non-coordination etc.) muscle, joint and bone injuries, chest and heart diseases, etc. A Physiotherapist uses therapeutic agents like heat, radiation, electricity, water and massage to cure his patients. He treats cases referred to him by a medical practitioner.
This is a three year diploma course after the +2 stage. There is still competition due to the limited number of institutions offering the training course.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy is a treatment for the physically impaired, mentally sick or defective persons. Efforts are made to strengthen their weak muscles which can increase limited range of joint action, to coordinate movements, to increase work tolerance and to train the unaffected parts of the body. Treatment is given through activities like handicrafts, manual and industrial arts, recreation and daily chores, The diploma course, like physiotherapy, extends for three years and entry is through written test.
Speech Therapy and Audiology
Speech Therapy and Audiology is a paramedical branch with potential to grow. There are not many speech therapists in the country. But it will not be an exaggeration to say that at least 3-4% of the child population suffer from speech impairments. Stammering is the most common affliction. Very often these children need psychological help and supportive speech therapy. It is a B.Sc. course after 10+2 with Science subjects.
Entrance to Medical College
In India, the students cannot get admission in every college in the country due to constraints imposed through domicile status. There are, however, some medical institutions which conduct an All India Entrance Examination to select candidates on an all India basis. Details of those colleges have been given below which admit students on the basis of competitive examinations not requiring domicile status.
The All India Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Examination
The examination is conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education each year for admission of 15% of the total intake capacity for medical/dental colleges located in all the states except states of Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Age : 17 Years on 31st December.
Eligibility : 10+2/B.Sc. with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English with 50%.
The entrance examination: The examination shall have one paper consisting of
Physics, Chemistry & Biology (Botany & Zoology).
Duration 2 1/2 hrs.
Marks-Each question carries 4 marks. All questions will be objective type.
There shall be negative marking. For each incorrect response one mark will be deducted from the total score. No deduction from the total score will however, be made if no response is indicated for an item in the answer sheet. More than one answer indicated against a question will be deemed as incorrect response & will be negatively marked.
No of questions : The paper shall have 200 objective type questions & Shall carry a maximum of 800 marks.
Selection : A list of successful candidates is prepared in order of merit. The result is published in leading newspapers and a copy of the result sheet is forwarded to DGHS. They prepare a collegewise merit list of candidates and intimate the result to the various medical/dental colleges. Notification for application is in January and the last date is in March.
Address :
The Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi - 110002.
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.
Seats : 50
Reservation -ST : 4
SC : 7
foreign national : 5
Eligibility :
The student should be an Indian Citizen by birth or domicile. Age 17 years on 31st Dec. of the year of admission. 10+2/Senior School Certificate Examination of the CBSE/Delhi Board/Indian School Certificate Exam. or recognized board of any Indian State with English and Medical Group of subjects (Physics, Chemistry and Biology). The students who have passed 1st year B.Sc. are also eligible. First class (60% marks) in aggregate of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English is necessary. B.Sc. B.V.Sc. Nursing student with 55 percent marks may also take the entrance test.
Competitive entrance test :
The test is held at Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Hyderabad and Calcutta. The test is of 3 1/2 hours duration and has one paper consisting of four parts, viz., A, B, C and D containing objective type (multiple choice questions).
Part Subject Marks
A Physics 60
B Chemistry 60
C Biology 60
D General Knowledge 20
TOTAL 200
The general standard is of 10+2/Intermediate level. No syllabus has been prescribed by the institute.
Address :
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar,
New Delhi-100 029.
Notification for application : Jan/Feb. Test is held in June.
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune.
AFMC, Pune, accommodates 130 students, including a maximum of seven girls. All the students in AFMC have a liability to serve in the Armed Forces and they are termed medical cadets. 123 boys and seven girls each year have a compulsory liability to serve as Permanent Service Commission in Armed Forces Medical Services. The cadet status entitles the students to scholarships for tuition, boarding, lodging, travel expenses and other benefits.
Eligibility :
10+2 with physics, Chemistry, Biology and English securing 60% aggregate and not less than 45% in English and 50% in each of the science subjects. A pass in maths in Class X is necessary.
Intermediate in Science of a statutory Indian University/Board, ICSE or Senior Secondary of a statutory examination Board with Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics or any other elective subject with English at higher level.
Higher-Secondary School Certificate Examination of Maharashtra State Board of Higher Secondary Education with English of Higher level, any one of the modern India, Foreign or classical language, or Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics of any other elective subject.
Any other examination which in scope and standard is held to be equivalent to the Intermediate Science/Pre-Professional/Pre-Medical Examination of Indian University/Board with English, Physics, Chemistry and Biology including practical test in each of these science subjects.
Entrance test:
The exam. is held at Agra, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Ambala, Bangalore, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chandigarh, Chilka (Orissa), Cochin, Delhi, Danapur (Patna), Dharamsala, Guwahati, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Jammu, Jalandhar, Kamptee, Kanpur, Lucknow, Madras, Meerut, Namkun (Ranchi), Pune, Port Blair, Secunderabad and Varanasi.
The written entrance exam will be of two hours duration and will have one paper comprising of four parts containing objective type questions. The break up is like this:
Subject
Biology 60
Chemistry 60
Physics 60
Intelligence/Logic reasoning 25
English language and comprehension 25
Total 230
The general standard of the test is of the 10+2 scheme/Premedical/Intermediate Science. Selected Candidates are interviewed at Delhi, Calcutta, Bangalore, Pune and Lucknow. Notification for Application : January, Test held in May/June.
Address :
The Armed Forces Medical College,
Pune-411040.
Christian Medical College, Vellore Christian Medical College, Vellore
Jawahar Lal Inst. of Post Grad. Medical Education and Research Institute. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Aligarh Muslim University
List of Medical Colleges in Maharashtra :
Common Rules have been framed separately for Govt. and municipal colleges for admission to MBBS/BDS. Govt. Medical Colleges are : MBBS BJ Medical College, Pune, Dr. V.M. Medical College, Solapur, Govt. Medical College, Aurangabad, Miraj, Nagpur, Nanded, Mumbai; Indira Gandhi Medical College, Nagpur; Shri. Bhausaheb Hire Govt. Medical College, Dhule; Shri. V.P.Naik Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal; Swami Ramanand Teerth Dental Collegs at Aurangabad, Mumbai and Nagpur Municipal Medical Colleges are MBBS Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai; Seth Govardhandas Sunderdas Medical Colleges, Mumbai and Topiwala National Medical college, Mumbai, MDS Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai.
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